Respect For International Humanitarian Law - 1517 Words

Respect for International Humanitarian Law Article 1 of the Geneva Conventions provides that States parties undertake to â€Å"ensure respect for the present Convention †. The same provision is repeated in Additional Protocol I in relation to respect for the provisions of that Protocol . It further provides that in the event of serious violations of the Protocol, States parties undertake to act, jointly or individually, in cooperation with the United Nations and in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations. A similar provision is included in the Second Protocol to the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property. Beginning with its commentary on common Article 1 of the Geneva Conventions, the ICRC has repeatedly stated that the obligation to â€Å"ensure respect† is not limited to behavior by parties to a conflict, but includes the requirement that States do all in their power to ensure that international humanitarian law is respected universally . The interpretation that common Article 1 involves obligations beyond those of the parties to the conflict was supported by the UN Security Council in a resolution adopted in 1990 calling on States parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention to ensure respect by Israel for its obligations, in accordance with Article 1 of the Convention . The UN General Assembly has adopted several resolutions to the same effect and in relation to the same conflict . Other international organizations have likewise called on their memberShow MoreRelatedWhy Intervention Is A Fundamental Principle Of Sovereignty1366 Words   |  6 Pagescontrary to the principle of sovereignty: â€Å"According to the generally accepted doctrine of international law, no state has a right to interfere in the internal affair of a sister state, and the application is pushed so far as to forbid any attempt to check brutality and inhumane treatment in another state of that state’s own nationals. Yet this doctrine, alleged to be a fundamental principle of international law, fails by the test that it does not tend to keep the peace† (p. 733-734). Stowell goes onRead MoreCustomary International Law : Customs1437 Words   |  6 PagesCUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW Customs in international law can generally be defined as rules developed by the practice of states, which rules the states concerned follow because they believe there is a rule of law requiring them to behave as such. Rebecca Wallace (1997) defines it as â€Å"a practice followed by those concerned because they feel legally obliged to behave in such a way† (p. 172). Thus, for there to exist a rule of customary international law, there must be a practice that is followed byRead MoreInternational Humanitarian Intervention : The United Nations1287 Words   |  6 PagesInternational Humanitarian Intervention The history overview of International Humanitarian Intervention it was founded in 1945, but the United Nations strives â€Å"to provide peace, security, and justice.9† The belief was to achieve this is through humanitarian intervention the use of force if the international law can t reconcile it. Three principles make up humanitarian intervention: 1. uses military force 2. interferes in the target state’s internal affairs 3.responds to crises where states’Read MoreGeneva Conventions Essay770 Words   |  4 PagesThe laws of war The IHL and Geneva conventions are mainly known as the organizations that keep morals and sense in armed conflicts otherwise known as wars. These organizations place laws during war, if these laws hadnt been put in place during 1949 I dont think many of us would be here today. The main international agreements are the four Geneva Conventions of 1949. Nearly every country in the world is part of these treaties, they protect four different categories of war victims Ââ€" the woundedRead MoreInternational Law Changed During Post Wwii New World1576 Words   |  7 PagesInternational Law profoundly changed in a post WWII new world order in which the world was forced to face one of the most disturbing and difficult conflicts in its history. Regions across all frontiers were affected by the spread of nuclear weapons, genocide, tyranny and other manmade strategies to deflect the stability and tranquility of a once calmer and more serene world. Institutions such as the United Nations were devised after the end of a war that convinced nations that what happens aroundRead MoreInternational Committee Of The Red Cross1281 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the oldest humanitarian organization, humanitarianism can be defined as the independent, impartial and neutral delivery of relief to victims that are at risk of death, either because of natural disasters or armed conflicts. Across the decades, this concept has been changing; it was never the same. At the beginning it was only focused on certain type of people, such as soldiers. Nowadays, humanitarianism embrace all people without discriminationRead MoreInternational Law Is The Violation Of National Law Throws A Nation Into Social Anomalies1713 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction International law regulates the relationship between nation states in the world. Violation of international law makes the whole world hazardous as the violation of national law throws a nation into social anomalies. Drones are the weapon of 21st century, the century which is marked by the development of technology. It is thought-provoking and horrifying that the international law is being questioned by the drones attack throughout the world. It is said that the target of these UnnamedRead MoreThe United Nations1385 Words   |  6 Pagesapproach, norms are socially constructed and therefore allow for International Organizations (Ios), Non-Governmental Organizations (Ngos), and Intergovernmental Organizations (IGO’s), to take a key role in educating and pressuring other international actors (Rutherford, 2000). Many of these organizations give their outmost efforts and pour vast amounts of resources into establishing, shifting, and changing social norms. Unlike international sta te actors, these organizations have far less resources andRead MoreThe United States International Law1217 Words   |  5 Pagesincludes behavior which violates international agreements and treaties. Non-mainstream theorists argue that UN sponsored international law often conceals the white, western, liberalist predominance instead of valid understandings of human nature. The current system has been criticised as â€Å"human rights imperialism†. This argument is grounded in the proposal that despite debates, which exist over universality, the current international law was accepted by most nations as law. Based on this assumption, anyRead MoreEssay on The Legitimacy of U.S. Drone Strikes 1642 Words   |  7 Pages1490). As the United States initiated the use drones against Al-Qaeda and Taliban forces, vast criticism sparked throughout the world questioning its legality under the international law. In this paper, I will focus on the legitimacy of targeted killing, its ambiguo us lawfulness under jus ad bellum [Latin - right to war], and humanitarian problems caused in Pakistan during Bush and Obama administrations. I will conclude my paper by claiming that the current drone policy of the U.S. government is illegitimate

Urbanization Problems free essay sample

To what extent can the problems of urbanization be met a policy of sustainable development? Urbanization started during the industrial revolution and on that time workers were less interested in agriculture jobs and they moved to cities to acquire jobs in factories. Urbanization can be defined as the massive growth of people and migration of people from rural areas to large cities that also include growth of cities, social and economic development in the city. By the start urbanization in some cities they face to many urban problems in their cities.The main problems that cities face by urbanization are lack of urban space, housing, water, land and air pollution and urban transport problems (Bilham-Boult. et. al, 129). The idea of sustainable development promised that alternatives are available for the problems that come from urbanization in the cities (Adams, p. 140). The word sustainability has many meanings that according to Longman’s Dictionary of English Language (1991) ‘to sustain’ mean: to give support, to supply with sustenance, to cause to continue and many other meanings. There could be many different definitions of sustainable development.Brundtland says sustainable development is ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’. Sustainable development states many solutions for relevant problems of urbanization that those solutions have worked before and had good results, so sustainable development can be a good solution to solve the urbanization problems in the cities. The population of the world is in increase nowadays and this growth of population also increase demand to facilities that many countries face to the problem of lack of urban space.Lack of urban space in countries make up many other problems in the city, that the major problems that come up from lack of urban space are housing, water, land and air pollution. Housing is one of the relevant problems to lack of urban space it has become a serious problem in many countries. For example, in Mexico poor people’s houses are mostly located on edges of the city, people has built many houses on public places and even on some farmer’s land that are illegal and don’t have coordination with the city master plan and these houses has made many shanty towns in the city (Bilham-Boult. et. al, 129). Also, other relevant problems to lack of urban space that comes from many sides like, problems of sewage system that still some cities sewerage draw out into rivers and in most places that people live illegally like shanty towns they don’t have sewerage systems and there is no doubt that those sewage may go to the other people’s drinking water supply. Land and air pollution is another concern which comes from lack of urban space. â€Å"Illegal dumping of industrial waste and refuse from the ‘informal sector’ creates land pollution† (Bilham-Boult. et. al, 129). Besides this, millions of cars with old insufficient engines and use low quality petrol make the atmosphere of the city full of air pollution which is also an environmental and an urban transport problem (Bilham-Boult. et. al, p. 129). As day by day the population increases in a city the issue of transport also become important. When thousands of people start rural to urban migration their needs also become more and more day by day. They use city buses or have their own cars that clearly the number of cars also increases in the city and this can bring many problems to urban transport. The problem of traffic congestion that goes with a balance if the numbers of cars are in increase the problem of traffic congestion also increases with it. When people move to cities obviously for continuation of their lives they need to work and earn money which in some places their jobs become more dispersed that causes an urban transport problem, because traditional forms of public transport can only work in limited areas. Another problem is the combination of population and physical area with demographic trends and land use patterns that makes the transport planning difficult (Thisdell, p.126). Another problem that comes from population growth in cities is that car ownership also rises with the growth of population (Newman, p. 152). Every problem can have many solutions and ways to solve it, but it is important to find a comprehensive, universal and lasting solution for every problem to solve it completely and permanently. One way that can discourage people from moving to cities is to make improvement in other areas out of cities and bring those facilities and advantages that are not available in out of cities, so that people do not prefer city rather than other areas.This can be done by making better the educational system, social services, improving employment opportunities and making better transport system for people in other areas out of city (Bilham-Boult. et. al, p. 129). The problem of housing can be solved by building houses with great compactness and building some tall buildings with many apartments or floors outside the city that attract people who live in other areas (Bilham-Boult. et. al, p. 129).In a city that has millions of population obviously there will millions of cars in the city which bring pollution and, in addition to people the public transportation should also take care of pollution. To get rid of this pollution there should be enhanced transportation for public, awareness and knowledge should be provided about environmental issues, clean fuels should be used by cars, factories should use modern technologies and there should the act of fine against any illegal reaction by people and relevant companies (Bilham-Boult. et. al, p. 129-130). Another problem that concerns urban transport is traffic congestions in the city. Many strategies are available to stop traffic congestion from the city. One way to stop traffic congestion in cities is to reduce the number of private cars; citizens’ dependence on private cars can be decreased by cities that a good example of this solution is Zurich and Singapore (Newman, p. 154). Another solution for this problem can be high traffic management systems which can bring competence for road use and also for drivers to use the roads without any traffic congestion in the city (Newman, p.154). Firstly, if we go through the meaning of sustainability according to the Longman’s Dictionary of the English Language (1991) the verb ‘to sustain’ means: to give support or relief to, to supply with sustenance, to cause to continue, to support the weight of, to bear up under, to endure (to suffer, to undergo). These meanings all deal with continuousness that can be social, economic or environmental. There can be many definitions of sustainable development.As specified by Brundtland; sustainable development is ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’. Sustainability was first time expressed by British legislation in 1991, in the act for the establishing of Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH). This idea started its international usage in 1980s and first time used by British law in 1993. After the SNH set up, it defined sustainability ‘the ability of an activity or development to continue in the long term without undermining that part of the environment which sustains it’.While in 1991 when other UK national conservation agencies established they introduced some other definitions about sustainability. Sustainability became an important idea which was not only dependent to one part in every parts like economy, politics and environments this word got a significant usage. In fact, this word got the ability that led people to express their various ideas effectively. This word was described as ‘the latest buzz-phrase to hit the planning profession’ by the Council for the Protection of Rural England (Adams, p. 137-138).When population grows rapidly in the city, people start migration from rural areas to cities the city face a big change. This includes social, economic and environmental development in the city and that countries become a developed country. Besides this, many problems also come with urbanization that the main problems are lack of urban space that consist many other problems with it and urban traffic problems that each of these problems could have many solutions. A solution that should be universal and suitable for all these urban problems can be sustainable development.Sustainable development is a solution that many countries have experienced during their urbanization age. Sustainable development is a solution that has worked before and had good result for many countries. The problem of lack of urban space and urban transport problems that cities face during their urbanization ages could be solved by following sustainable development policies. Sustainable development introduces many comprehensive policies for the problems of lack of urban space and urban transport that these policies have been experienced before and had good result.

Just testing Essays - , Term Papers, Research Papers

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Facebook Privacy Whats that

Facebook Privacy Whats that I  cant even see it. In a Facebook chat with a friend of mine, we were discussing his college-aged daughter’s posts to her Facebook profile. I won’t share the details, but let’s say what she was writing could easily prevent her from being hired if a prospective employer were to see it. I commented to my friend that if his daughter ever wanted to look for a job, she had better delete all those postings. â€Å"But her profile is private,† he replied. â€Å"I can’t even see it.† As many people are aware, it has become common practice for hiring companies to view candidates’ LinkedIn and Facebook pages if they are available. This fact causes little concern for most people, since they believe they can keep their profiles, especially on Facebook, private. A private profile is safe from public scrutiny, right? Wrong. According to a Mesh Report article entitled Job Seekers Getting Asked for Facebook Passwords, nothing could be farther from the truth. In actuality, if you are a job seeker you have essentially given up your right to privacy. How employers mess with your privacy First of all, a company might use a third party application such as BeKnown that can often gain access to your profile. You would be surprised how often companies use this tactic. And job seekers might not be aware that when they log in to a company’s website using their Facebook profile, they are likely giving that company full permission to snoop. Additionally, not long ago both private companies and government agencies began requesting Facebook login information from candidates. Receiving quite a bit of pushback, some of these organizations have modified their requirement, now demanding during interviews that candidates log in to their own Facebook accounts in order to reveal what they contain. Other organizations require candidates to â€Å"friend† the hiring manager or other company figurehead so that their profile can be viewed. One job seeker interviewed by Mesh withdrew his application when asked for his login information. But as requests for social media access become more and more common, many candidates feel that they can’t afford to refuse. Privacy rights anyone? One George Washington University law professor says this practice is â€Å"an egregious privacy violation.† I tend to agree, and I am encouraged that Illinois and Maryland have legislation in the works that would make it illegal for public agencies to demand access to candidate’s social media profiles. (Police departments are some of the most active seekers of Facebook login information.) Whether or not this practice is made illegal for public agencies, it seems private companies will be able to invade candidates’ privacy all they want. If you feel strongly enough that this practice violates your rights, and if you can afford to refuse the request, go ahead. But as the practice becomes more widespread, it might become impractical to do so. Interestingly, it is against the terms of service at Facebook to share login information. But according to the Mesh Report, the Department of Justice will not be prosecuting any employers for their practices despite the fact that it is a federal crime to enter a social networking site in violation of the terms of service. What will you do about it? Perhaps the best thing job seekers can do for now is to make sure to rid their profile of any risquà ©, drunken or other unprofessional pictures; keep their posts clean and sane; and refrain from making disparaging online remarks about anyone, especially past employers. It seems the practice of coercing job applicants to reveal their social media profiles, albeit masquerading as encouraging them to â€Å"volunteer† this information, is not going away without a fight. If you are a job seeker, prepare to be asked to share- or if you can afford it, perhaps you can fight back! How do you plan to respond if a prospective employer asks you for access to your social media profiles? I’d love to hear your comments below. Category:Job SearchBy Brenda BernsteinMay 7, 2012

Chapter One The Press In Mauritius Media Essay

Chapter One The Press In Mauritius Media Essay For the health of democracy, access to information is really essential. In any democracy, citizens have the rights and responsibilities to participate in public matters. Knowledge about a society is obtained through free debates, newspapers, magazines, television and radio. All these are possible when there is a free and independent press. In all democratic countries, freedom of the press has been a treasured right. Press freedom is a pillar of democracy   [ 1 ]   . Often, the press is referred as the fourth pillar of a country   [ 2 ]   . Such freedom should be free from interference of the state. The preservation of the freedom of the press may be done through constitutional or legal protections. In the present chapter, the definition and the importance of the press freedom will be analyzed first. Then, the evolution and development of the written and audio-visual press in Mauritius will be examined before considering the constitutional foundation of the freedom of the pre ss of the country. 1.1 Freedom of Press 1.1.1 Definition of freedom of the press Everywhere in the world, the meaning of press freedom differs. Different countries possess different degrees of freedom of the press   [ 3 ]   . This suggests that freedom of the press is not absolute in the world   [ 4 ]   . In universal terms, defining freedom of the press is difficult. Various definitions to freedom of the press have been attributed by different scholars and in many text books. Lieberman (1953) defined freedom of the press as the right to serve, without government interference and with police protection, and the most fundamental right of freedom of information   [ 5 ]   . As for Dennis and Merrill (1996), freedom of the press is the right to communicate ideas, opinions, and information through the printed world without government restraint   [ 6 ]   . For both authors, the â€Å"right to share information† and â€Å"no government intrusion† is among the main elements of this freedom. For other scholars, free press is an independent adversary   [ 7 ]   performing the function of watchdog preventing the State from aggrandizing and abusing the rights of its citizen. Freedom of the press is not only the right of media; it is the right of the citizens also. Going back to history, in 1791, freedom of the press was legally guaranteed by the U.S Constitution, â€Å"congress shall make no lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦abridging the freedom of speech or of the pressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  Freedom of the press was recognized by the National Assembly of France in the Article 11 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. This freedom was considered to be a fundamental right in Europe and in the United States. In 1948, the United Nations declared it a universal right and adopted Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Freedom of the press is derived from the fundamental right of freedom of information. The latter is a à ¢â‚¬Å"human right and the touchstone of all the freedoms. It implies the right to gather, transmit and publish news anywhere and everywhere without fetters†Ã‚   [ 8 ]   . The rights to seek and to disseminate information are of particular importance to the press. Along with freedom of information, freedom of expression also plays an essential role in press freedom. In

Impact on labour law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Impact on labour law - Essay Example John Barrett who was a suspicious schizophrenic patient absconded immediately after his release by Gill Mezey. John Barrett reportedly killed one Dennis Finnegan aged about 50 when he was cycling through Richmond Park in South West London in the day after Barrett’s release. A domestic inquiry was held by the Trust and two reports had reprimanded Mezey’s clinical management of John Barrett. .Hospital authorities suspended Gill Mezey with full pay for her negligence from all her duties. On manslaughter charges, John Barrett was sentenced to life. Hospital authorities relied on their hospital’s disciplinary procedure and policy which, it pleaded that equivalent to a contractual authority. In the mean time, Mezey had at her own free will absolved from her clinical duties following the episode as she felt that it would facilitate her from the chance of suspension. Mezey voluntarily undertook non-clinical duties like research and teaching mainly to avoid suspension. Both St George’s Mental Health NHS Trust and South West London administration were sued by Dr. Gill Mezey for suspending her on full pay. She claimed that she incurred pecuniary losses due to her illegal suspension as she could not practice her profession. Immediately after the incident, the trust perused a series of in-house probes which culminated in disciplinary action initiated against Mezey. Earlier, she was suspended on full pay from teaching and clinical duties pending the result of the punitive hearings. Aggrieved by her suspension, Mezey brought before UK High Court a breach of contract proceedings claiming that her suspension was against the Trust’s policy which stated that no employee could be suspended until there was enough concrete proof warranting the suspension. She also preyed that there was no incorporation of disciplinary proceedings in her contract of employment and in any case, her suspension was not

Returns to Education in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words - 1

Returns to Education in UK - Essay Example This study has analysed returns to education in the UK. This was done using the BHPS data from 1991-2008 by using an OLS regression model adapted from previous studies. The dependent variable was logarithm of hourly wage while the predictor variable tested was years of schooling, controlling for other factors. The control variables were age, sex, race and region. Diagnostic tests was conducted to check for heteroskedascity and also the presence of serial correlations and both were found not to affect the model hence the regression was run. The analysis shows that the number of years in schooling had a positive and significant effect on the logarithm of hourly wage (about 8% per year of schooling) which suggests that there were positive returns to education in the sample. This is consistent with a number of studies that have analysed the returns to education. From the R-squared results, the model accounted for 24% of the variance in hourly wages. Thus, the regression did not explain most of the variance in hourly wages but points to the fact that the number of years of schooling is a good predictor of returns in education. However, we cannot rule out endogeneity (race results) and given low overall significance of regression.