Articles Of Confederation (376 words) Essay Example For Students

Articles Of Confederation (376 words) Essay Articles of ConfederationArticles of ConfederationAs the main composed constitution of theUnited States, the Articles of Confederation made a lawmaking body whereeach state was spoken to similarly. The Congress had purview overforeign relations with the power to shape partnerships and make treaties,make war and harmony, support a military and naval force, coin cash, set up a postalservice, make chief of naval operations' office courts, and settle debates between states. Thus,the power vested in Congress permitted it to work with moderate controlover the states. Another effective point was in the remittance ofequal casts a ballot in Congress for each state and the announcement that most decisionsbe chose by lion's share vote. Be that as it may, through these articles, the UnitedStates government did not have an adequate arrangement of tax collection. Under the Articlesof Confederation the Congress had no capacity to burden the states, rather itdepended on gifts by the states. The states wanted moderate governmentinvolvement and in this way, were repelled by the possibility of bureaucratic tax assessment. Lackingin satisfactory subsidizing, expansion before long overpowered the country. Anotherobstacle in compelling overseeing was that The Articles didn't give Congressthe capacity to authorize its laws, rather relying upon deliberate complianceby the states. Instead of official and legal branches, The Articlescreated a wasteful panel framework stretching out of Congress. In particular, any alteration to the Articles of Confederation requiredthe sanction by all the states, a measure that practically eliminatedany possibility of progress. The negatives of The Articles graduallymagnified. The British would not clear from fortresses in the AmericanOld Northwest. At last, Shays insubordination in Massachusetts symbolizedthe weakness of the country, and insufficiency of the Articles of Confederation. Albeit, a few states contradicted an extreme change in legislative structure , itwas unavoidable by 1787. The Articles of Confederation providedeffective administration of extension for the United States. It likewise gave Congressample power over direction of the nation. Be that as it may, The Articles wereinsufficient in a few significant issues. Without an official branchthe nation did not have an unmistakable, unequivocal pioneer. The Congress had nopower to lay and gather charges, nor did it have the ability to enforceits laws, making it basically reliant on the states. On issues of amendmentThe Articles practically ruled out change, depending on a consistent decisionto modify it. In spite of, achievement in extension strategies, The Articles of Confederationwas a disappointment in making a prosperous and viable nation that couldsupport and guard itself and its kin.

The Shinto vs. Genesis Creation Story Essay -- Scripture Analysis

â€Å"And God said let there be light, and there was light†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as per the Genesis story, a substance which bears no unmistakable face or substantial structure made the world with just a quick tongue. It bore the state of the earth, the abundant abundance of the dirt, the excellence of creatures, and the marvel known as humankind all inside the time length of seven days. It made the idea of cultural law, moral standard, and a respect for a divinity by steadfast subjects. What's more, it initiated a cruel guideline of law which impelled that if any piece of you, psyche or body, were to defy it, you would be rebuffed in the now and in the after. In any case, the Christian recounting how our reality became, albeit following a way careless of the possibility of a multilateral way to deal with getting God, appears to convey a few likenesses to that of Shintoism. Or then again contrasts? The Shinto creation story is a show-stopper all by itself, also it takes on the possibility t hat numerous humanoid gods, not a unidentified mass of otherworldly altruism, made this world. Moreover, we adopt on an alternate strategy to creation, wherein instead of things being conceived out of verbally expressed word, our reality was very made by two ace makers of land and ocean, Izanagi no Mikoto and Izanami no Mikoto . To start with, let us investigate the points of interest of the Christian Genesis story as to start figuring the premise of correlation and difference. We will take a gander at the two pieces of Genesis, the first examining the plan of earth and its internal points of interest, working together with the initial scarcely any sections related with the second piece of Genesis, which addresses the production of the principal man and lady: â€Å"Light is directed to appear†¦ the light is isolated ... ...ase of the universe of Christians, who see God as an incomparable being bound to a code of law which serves to secure their inclinations and guarantee that their life is regarded and proceeded. Works Cited 1) New International Version. Stupendous Rapids, MI: The Zondervan Corporation, 2001. Print. 2) Shimazono, Susumu. 2005. State Shinto and the Religious Structure of Modern Japan. Journal Of The American Academy Of Religion 73, no. 4: 1077-1098. Scholastic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (got to April 23, 2012). 3) Rutgers University, Beginning. Accessed April 21, 2012. http://crab.rutgers.edu/~goertzel/genesis.html. 4) Shinto. BBC News. BBC. Web. 21 Apr. 2012. . 5) Leeming, David Adams. 2010. Creation Myths of the World : An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2010. digital book Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (got to April 21, 2012).

Describe How Digitization of Systems Affects Banking - 1650 Words

Describe How Digitization of Systems Affects Banking (Essay Sample) Content: How Digitization of Systems Affects BankingHow Digitization of Systems Affects BankingIntroductionTechnology has taken over most of the modern business processes. Currently, common business processes such as production, marketing and promotion are conducted using technological equipment. Banking is one of those industries that have been affected greatly by the digital culture. Technological aspects have been digitized in order to affect how people handle money in the modern business arena. At a basic level, it is undeniable that all banks have resorted to storing user details electronically in order to ease the work and reduce the amount of space used to conduct business. This paper aims at examining how the digitization of banking systems affects the way people handle money in the current era. Notably, economic scholars have attempted to shift their focus on the influence that the digital culture might have in the banking sector. As such, the paper posits that techno logy has improved the way people handle money in the modern world by making banking simple, convenient and user-based.Background of Banking TechnologyBanking technology represents are progressive transformation that has taken place over the last decade and half. Few years ago, banks used to store user data in manual and tangible methods. Such included papers, folders and cabinets. Evolution of the computer systems, has, however, introduced a lot of change. For example, Haycock (2015) notes that banks today store customer data in electronic forms. Basically, banking technology consists of the typical computer hardware that are used in the other industries. For instance, most of the teller desks in modern banks are equipped with laptops, desktop computers or iPads that help the tellers to access user data faster. What makes banking technology special today is the evolution of complex software that is able to facilitate all the processes associated with banking. For example, banks toda y are using software to determine the credit worthiness of a person and that of their entire family. As such, it is important to determine how these systems affect the way people handle money in the current business platforms.Figure 1: A typical bank tellers desk. Notice the computer on top of the desk.Cashless DepositsTechnology has changed the way people and banking corporations perceive money. In the traditional sense, a customer had to walk to a bank with the cash that he wanted to deposit in his account. However, that has changed. In the modern setting, technology has made it possible to make cashless deposits into ones bank account. The concept has particularly gained popularity with small to medium businesses that have adopted the cashless transactions processes. Payment using electronic cards has made it possible for customers to transfer money from their bank accounts to the bank account of the seller. That means that the seller receives deposits into their accounts without having to visit the bank. The concept of electronic payments has also improved the experience of customers (Cortada, 2006). For example, it is now possible for a person to make purchases without using cash. Cashless deposits have improved the experience of bank customers by saving their time, resources and improving customer satisfaction. Therefore, it cannot be disputed that the evolution of digital culture has enhanced the relationship between banks and their clients.Figure 2: An estimated percentage of consumer payment transactions done using non-cash methods.E-Commerce`Evolution of banking technology has facilitated the evolution of e-commerce. E-commerce refers to kind of business transactions that are conducted electronically. E-commerce has been facilitated by the development of online banking. Online banking is a method of banking system that allows monetary transactions to be conducted over the worldwide web. Web 2.0 has played a great part in allowing the development of o nline banking and e-commerce. For example, the development of web 2.0 has encouraged the development of online payment systems such as PayPal and Skrill. Analytically, technology has increased the number of platforms through which people can send and receive money. This means that it has also boosted the ability of businesses to send and receive money on a global scale (Davies, 2010). With PayPal, for example, a person in the United States can send money to a person located in the United Kingdom instantly. As such, it is prudent to conclude that evolution of technology centered on banking has influenced the development of electronic business transactions.CurrencyAs Westerman (2014) notes, technology has changed how people perceive and ideal with money. A few decades ago, one could not comprehend the concept of money without seeing the notes or the coins that are recognized as part of the national or regional currency. People believed that money existed only in tangible form owing to the presence of coins and notes. However, the peoples perception of money has changed greatly and so has the banks understanding of monetary systems. At least part of the population in the developed nations understand that it is not necessary to carry cash around all the time. In the European Union, for example, Kehal and Singh (2005) notes that people are swiftly adopting the virtual storage and exchange of money. Such a condition means that people now realize that money can exist in soft and that one can make transactions without withdrawing money from their accounts. As a matter of fact, McMillan (2014) observes that in the near future, business partners will start agreeing on virtual transfer of money.Credits and LoansAlgorithms and program codes are the new ways of determining the creditworthiness of a certain customer. Banks have developed special software used to track a persons monetary practices in order to determine the amount of the credit that he can receive. The bank l inks the software containing the codes with the users accounts in order to follow the behavior of the individual customers. In fact, some banks have developed algorithms that can report the literacy levels of individual customers. At an advanced level, these algorithms can be manipulated to processes the creditworthiness of a certain customer. This is different from the condition a few years. Banks had to assess a loan applicants past financial records, employment status, assets in possession, et cetera in order to determine how they would calculate his creditworthiness. Thus, the development of these banking algorithms indicate that technology has revolutionized the way banks offer credit to their customers.Security of MoneyUndeniably, technology has boosted the security and protection of the money stored in banks premises. Technology has seen the development of customized security systems whose aim is to provide safety to the areas that money is stored. For example, evolution of b io-technology has improved the security of safety vaults by ensuring that only people whose biological information is saved in the system can access the rooms. Such a condition means that unauthorized people cannot enter the places that money is stored in currency form. The foregoing security measure is advantageous in two ways. On the one hand, it prevents burglary and forceful entry into the safety vaults. Secondly, it ensures accountability within the people who have access to the regions. Improvement in the targeted security systems translates to less loss on the part of the bank. Such a condition enables the bank to concentrate on provision of services to the customers without fear of loss motivated by theft.Figure 3: A biometric door opening systemHowever, technology has also been blamed for deterioration of security of banking systems. As Coates (2015) claims, advancement in technology attracts more advanced forms of theft; especially if money is the subject matter. In the re cent past, banks have received persistent cases of hacked online payment platforms and forged credit cards. Hacking is a common cybercrime that puts money saved electronically in deep threat (Kshetri, 2010). For example, if a hacker manages to gain entry into a certain account, it means that the other accounts are still as vulnerable. It follows that, therefore, use of technology in the banking arena has introduced a new form of threat. Guerrieri and Bentivegna (2011) observe that hacking is not the only cybercrime that poses threat to electronic banking. Other common forms of online monetary crimes are phishing, interception and cloning of accounts in order to get access. Such conditions indicate that banks must be on high alert.Illegal BusinessEvolution of banking technology has improved the ability of law enforcement agencies to prevent the conduction of illegal businesses. In addition, it also allows them to easily track people who conduct illegal business. For example, most ban king software are equipped with a feature that allows them to detect an abnormal activity in a certain account. The software reports the same and alerts law enfo...

Laffey M. And Weldes J. ‘Decolonizing The Cuban Missile

Laffey M. and Weldes J. ‘Decolonizing the Cuban Missile Crisis’. and Harrington de Santana, A. â€Å"Nuclear Weapons as the Currency of Power: Deconstructing the Fetishism of Force.† At first glance, one can believe that those two articles would concern the same subject which could be the place of nuclear weapons in the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Why? Firstly, because the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962, discussed by Laffey and Weldes in their article is about how the threat of a nuclear war reached it’s height when missiles were implemented only 90 miles away from the American. And secondly, because Harrington de Santana’s article discusses how the nuclear weapon can be translated†¦show more content†¦And to conclude, very briefly, this essay will try to find a common ground between the two articles. Issued in 2008 and 2009, both articles are periodically far from the theories followed by traditional scholars which are Realism, Realism and Marxism and they both introduce new theories that started developing not long ago in the beginning of the 1990’s. (Sylvester, Chapter 12, 2014) Post-colonialism is the bottom-up study of International Relations instead of a top down or state-down study of the discipline (Sylvester, Chapter 12, 2014). And this theory is introduced in Laffey and Weldes’ article (2008). Post-colonial writings attempt to give a voice to the people with a different approach to International Relations. ‘Post-colonial writers rewrite these accounts by attending to the experience of the subaltern’ (Laffey and Weldes, p. 559, 2008) Their voices have been muted because of their position of subordination facing ‘great powers’ or superpowers in the case of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Indeed a common agreement can be made that the more powerful a state is, the more likely it s positioned on certain subject to be accepted, justified and made an integral part of History: ‘Power is both external to historical narrative and also constitutive of it’ (Laffey and Weldes, p. 564, 2009) There is also an interesting point made in their article. It does not only relate how Cuban scholars wanted their narrative of the events of October 1962 to be

Respect For International Humanitarian Law - 1517 Words

Respect for International Humanitarian Law Article 1 of the Geneva Conventions provides that States parties undertake to â€Å"ensure respect for the present Convention †. The same provision is repeated in Additional Protocol I in relation to respect for the provisions of that Protocol . It further provides that in the event of serious violations of the Protocol, States parties undertake to act, jointly or individually, in cooperation with the United Nations and in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations. A similar provision is included in the Second Protocol to the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property. Beginning with its commentary on common Article 1 of the Geneva Conventions, the ICRC has repeatedly stated that the obligation to â€Å"ensure respect† is not limited to behavior by parties to a conflict, but includes the requirement that States do all in their power to ensure that international humanitarian law is respected universally . The interpretation that common Article 1 involves obligations beyond those of the parties to the conflict was supported by the UN Security Council in a resolution adopted in 1990 calling on States parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention to ensure respect by Israel for its obligations, in accordance with Article 1 of the Convention . The UN General Assembly has adopted several resolutions to the same effect and in relation to the same conflict . Other international organizations have likewise called on their memberShow MoreRelatedWhy Intervention Is A Fundamental Principle Of Sovereignty1366 Words   |  6 Pagescontrary to the principle of sovereignty: â€Å"According to the generally accepted doctrine of international law, no state has a right to interfere in the internal affair of a sister state, and the application is pushed so far as to forbid any attempt to check brutality and inhumane treatment in another state of that state’s own nationals. 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Urbanization Problems free essay sample

To what extent can the problems of urbanization be met a policy of sustainable development? Urbanization started during the industrial revolution and on that time workers were less interested in agriculture jobs and they moved to cities to acquire jobs in factories. Urbanization can be defined as the massive growth of people and migration of people from rural areas to large cities that also include growth of cities, social and economic development in the city. By the start urbanization in some cities they face to many urban problems in their cities.The main problems that cities face by urbanization are lack of urban space, housing, water, land and air pollution and urban transport problems (Bilham-Boult. et. al, 129). The idea of sustainable development promised that alternatives are available for the problems that come from urbanization in the cities (Adams, p. 140). The word sustainability has many meanings that according to Longman’s Dictionary of English Language (1991) ‘to sustain’ mean: to give support, to supply with sustenance, to cause to continue and many other meanings. There could be many different definitions of sustainable development.Brundtland says sustainable development is ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’. Sustainable development states many solutions for relevant problems of urbanization that those solutions have worked before and had good results, so sustainable development can be a good solution to solve the urbanization problems in the cities. The population of the world is in increase nowadays and this growth of population also increase demand to facilities that many countries face to the problem of lack of urban space.Lack of urban space in countries make up many other problems in the city, that the major problems that come up from lack of urban space are housing, water, land and air pollution. Housing is one of the relevant problems to lack of urban space it has become a serious problem in many countries. For example, in Mexico poor people’s houses are mostly located on edges of the city, people has built many houses on public places and even on some farmer’s land that are illegal and don’t have coordination with the city master plan and these houses has made many shanty towns in the city (Bilham-Boult. et. al, 129). Also, other relevant problems to lack of urban space that comes from many sides like, problems of sewage system that still some cities sewerage draw out into rivers and in most places that people live illegally like shanty towns they don’t have sewerage systems and there is no doubt that those sewage may go to the other people’s drinking water supply. Land and air pollution is another concern which comes from lack of urban space. â€Å"Illegal dumping of industrial waste and refuse from the ‘informal sector’ creates land pollution† (Bilham-Boult. et. al, 129). Besides this, millions of cars with old insufficient engines and use low quality petrol make the atmosphere of the city full of air pollution which is also an environmental and an urban transport problem (Bilham-Boult. et. al, p. 129). As day by day the population increases in a city the issue of transport also become important. When thousands of people start rural to urban migration their needs also become more and more day by day. They use city buses or have their own cars that clearly the number of cars also increases in the city and this can bring many problems to urban transport. The problem of traffic congestion that goes with a balance if the numbers of cars are in increase the problem of traffic congestion also increases with it. When people move to cities obviously for continuation of their lives they need to work and earn money which in some places their jobs become more dispersed that causes an urban transport problem, because traditional forms of public transport can only work in limited areas. Another problem is the combination of population and physical area with demographic trends and land use patterns that makes the transport planning difficult (Thisdell, p.126). Another problem that comes from population growth in cities is that car ownership also rises with the growth of population (Newman, p. 152). Every problem can have many solutions and ways to solve it, but it is important to find a comprehensive, universal and lasting solution for every problem to solve it completely and permanently. One way that can discourage people from moving to cities is to make improvement in other areas out of cities and bring those facilities and advantages that are not available in out of cities, so that people do not prefer city rather than other areas.This can be done by making better the educational system, social services, improving employment opportunities and making better transport system for people in other areas out of city (Bilham-Boult. et. al, p. 129). The problem of housing can be solved by building houses with great compactness and building some tall buildings with many apartments or floors outside the city that attract people who live in other areas (Bilham-Boult. et. al, p. 129).In a city that has millions of population obviously there will millions of cars in the city which bring pollution and, in addition to people the public transportation should also take care of pollution. To get rid of this pollution there should be enhanced transportation for public, awareness and knowledge should be provided about environmental issues, clean fuels should be used by cars, factories should use modern technologies and there should the act of fine against any illegal reaction by people and relevant companies (Bilham-Boult. et. al, p. 129-130). Another problem that concerns urban transport is traffic congestions in the city. Many strategies are available to stop traffic congestion from the city. One way to stop traffic congestion in cities is to reduce the number of private cars; citizens’ dependence on private cars can be decreased by cities that a good example of this solution is Zurich and Singapore (Newman, p. 154). Another solution for this problem can be high traffic management systems which can bring competence for road use and also for drivers to use the roads without any traffic congestion in the city (Newman, p.154). Firstly, if we go through the meaning of sustainability according to the Longman’s Dictionary of the English Language (1991) the verb ‘to sustain’ means: to give support or relief to, to supply with sustenance, to cause to continue, to support the weight of, to bear up under, to endure (to suffer, to undergo). These meanings all deal with continuousness that can be social, economic or environmental. There can be many definitions of sustainable development.As specified by Brundtland; sustainable development is ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’. Sustainability was first time expressed by British legislation in 1991, in the act for the establishing of Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH). This idea started its international usage in 1980s and first time used by British law in 1993. After the SNH set up, it defined sustainability ‘the ability of an activity or development to continue in the long term without undermining that part of the environment which sustains it’.While in 1991 when other UK national conservation agencies established they introduced some other definitions about sustainability. Sustainability became an important idea which was not only dependent to one part in every parts like economy, politics and environments this word got a significant usage. In fact, this word got the ability that led people to express their various ideas effectively. This word was described as ‘the latest buzz-phrase to hit the planning profession’ by the Council for the Protection of Rural England (Adams, p. 137-138).When population grows rapidly in the city, people start migration from rural areas to cities the city face a big change. This includes social, economic and environmental development in the city and that countries become a developed country. Besides this, many problems also come with urbanization that the main problems are lack of urban space that consist many other problems with it and urban traffic problems that each of these problems could have many solutions. A solution that should be universal and suitable for all these urban problems can be sustainable development.Sustainable development is a solution that many countries have experienced during their urbanization age. Sustainable development is a solution that has worked before and had good result for many countries. The problem of lack of urban space and urban transport problems that cities face during their urbanization ages could be solved by following sustainable development policies. Sustainable development introduces many comprehensive policies for the problems of lack of urban space and urban transport that these policies have been experienced before and had good result.

Just testing Essays - , Term Papers, Research Papers

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